I. Nhanganyaya
Crystal oscillator, seyakakosha frequency control zvikamu, anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumidziyo yemaindasitiri, chengetedzo yekutarisa masisitimu, michina yekurapa, mota dzemagetsi, smart midziyo yemumba, uye mamwe minda. Kubva pane macro maonero, kuvakwa kweruzivo rwepasi rose ruzivo rwakabatana nekuvandudzwa kwekristaro oscillator. Chinyorwa chino chinoongorora zvine hungwaru kushanduka kwehunyanzvi hwekristaro oscillator-kubva pakuwanikwa kwepiezoelectric effect kuenda ku nano-scale packaging-ichiburitsa mafambisiro aakaita tekinoroji yevanhu kuburikidza nebhindauko ina dzemaindasitiri.
II. Iyo Nhoroondo Yekuvandudza yeCrystal Oscillators
1. Iyo Tekinoroji Yechiedza Period
Muna 1880, mukoma Jacques naPierre Curie vakawana kuti kushandisa mechanical stress kune quartz crystal plates kwakagadzira magetsi ekufambisa, zvichikurudzira pfungwa ye.piezoelectric effect.
Piezoelectric Effect Principle: Kana kudzvanywa kuchiiswa kune piezoelectric zvinhu, mutsauko wemagetsi unogadzirwa (unozivikanwa seyakananga piezoelectric effect). Sezvineiwo, kushandisa voltage kunoburitsa mechanical stress (theinverse piezoelectric effect). Kana pressure ichibatanidza-frequency vibration, inogadzira-frequency electric currents. Kana masigning emagetsi epamusoro-akaiswa kune piezoelectric ceramics, anoburitsa-frequency acoustic signals (mechanical vibrations), inowanzozivikanwa se ultrasonic zviratidzo.
Muna 1918, Paul Langevin akatsvakurudza achishandisa quartz crystal plates kuti agadzire yekutanga sonar systems yekuonekwa kwepasi pegungwa. Izvi zvaisanganisira kubatanidza mabasa akawanda esonar ekugadzirisa ruzivo rwakadzama uye kudzora kwepakati kuti asangane nehunyanzvi hunodiwa, zvinosanganisira kutsvaga mafambiro eruzha, echo kubva, kuona kwesonar pulse, kuzivikanwa kwechinangwa, uye torpedo yambiro. Langevin akashandisa X-kucheka maplate equartz kugadzira uye kuona masaisai ari pasi pemvura.
Muna 1921, Purofesa WG Cady weWesleyan University akapa patent ye quartz crystal oscillator. Patent yake yakashandisa quartz crystal resonators kudzora oscillator frequency uye yakatsanangura quartz mabara / mahwendefa se frequency zviyero uye mafirita. Nekudaro, Cady inozivikanwa zvakanyanya seyekutanga kushandisa quartz makristasi ekudzora frequency mumaseketi oscillator.
Muna 1923, Muzvinafundo weHarvard GW Pierce vakagadzira crystal oscillator circuit vachiisa crystal pakati pegridi neanode yevacuum tube valve{{3}inotangira kune Pierce oscillator configuration.
Muna 1925, Westinghouse Electric yakaisa crystal oscillator seyakanyanya oscillator yeredhiyo yavo KDKA.
Van Dyke akagadzira yakaenzana yedunhu modhi yequartz crystal resonators. Iyi dunhu ine maviri resonant frequency: iyoakatevedzana resonant frequency (fs)., uko Lg-Cg-bazi reRg rinoita ruzha, uyeparallel resonant frequency (fp)., iyo yose resonance yedunhu. Kubva Cg Muna 1926, Y{{1}makristasi akachekwa akawanikwa uye akashandiswa. Kusvika panguva iyoyo, X-makristasi akachekwa equartz chete akashandiswa. Nepo X{{5}makristasi akachekwa aive netembiricha coefficient ye~{7}}20ppm/dhigirii , Y-cut makristasi airatidzwa ~+100ppm/dhigirii, zvichiratidza kuti kucheka kwekristaro kwakasiyana kwaigona kuburitsa tembiricha inosiyana. Muna 1927, Warren Marrison weBell Labs akagadzira yekutanga quartz crystal oscillator standard. Muna 1928, Warren Marrison akagadzira yekutanga quartz crystal wachi paBell Telephone Laboratories. Wachi dzeQuartz dzakatsiva wachi dzependulum sedzinochengeta nguva pasi rose (kusvikira wachi dzeatomu). Atomic wachishandisa masaisai emagetsi anoburitswa panguva yekutorwa/kuburitswa kwesimba reatomu kuitira nguva, kuwana chokwadi che ~ 1 sekondi chikanganiso pamakore miriyoni makumi maviri{{2}parizvino chishandiso chepasi rose chekuchengetedza nguva. Muna 1934, AT- neBT-yakachekwa quartz crystal resonators zvakabuda, zvakawanikwa zvakazvimiririra naLack/Willard/Fair (USA), Koga (Japan), naBeckmann/Straubel (Germany). 2. Nguva yeR & D: Misa Kugadzirwa kweCrystal Oscillators Muna 1950, wachi dzeatomu dzakagadzirwa. Wachi dzeQuartz dzakawana kurongeka kwakanyanya kwesekondi imwe pamakore makumi matatu (30ms/yr). Bell Labs yakatanga nzira yehydrothermal yekutengeserana-scale quartz crystal growth. 3. Nguva Yekuvandudza: Batch Production & Shift kubva kuMasoja kuenda Kushandiswa Kwevanhu Muna 1968, Juergen Staudte weNorth American Aviation akagadzira iyo photolithography process yekugadzira quartz crystal oscillators, zvichiita kuti miniaturization yezvigadzirwa zvinotakurika sewachi. Muna 1976, SC{1}yekutanga makristasi akachekwa akatanga kuwanikwa. Inonyanya kushandiswa muhovhoni-controlled crystal oscillator (OCXOs) nekuda kwetembiricha yazvo yakakwana patembiricha yeOCXO inoshanda. 4. The Rapid Development Period: Diversified Applications in Electronics Kubva 1990 kusvika parizvino, ma quartz oscillator akashanduka kubva kuDIP kuenda kune madiki SMD mapakeji, achichinja kubva kune echinyakare simbi casings kuenda epurasitiki/simbi/ceramic encapsulations. Precision uye frequency zvinodiwa zvakawedzera, zvichida maitiro ekugadzira akakwenenzverwa. Zvishandiso zvakawedzerwa kubva kukushandisa niche kune akasiyana minda se5G, IoT, mota dzemagetsi, smart hutano hwehutano, uye nehungwaru midziyo. III. Summary Makore e70+ kubva muna 1880 kusvika 1956 airatidza nguva yekutanga yequartz oscillator, inotaridzwa nekugadzirwa kwepasi uye vane simba. Kufambira mberi kwehunyanzvi hwequartz kunoratidza maitiro ekutsvaga, kunzwisisa, nekukura-budiriro haigone kumhanyiswa. 
